Weakening the Combine in One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest...

Weakening the Combine in One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest When norms of society are unfair and seem set in stone, rebellion is bound to occur, ultimately bringing about change in the community. Ken Keseys One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest demonstrates the conflict of individuals who have to survive in an environment where they are pressured to cooperate. The hospitals atmosphere suppresses the patients individuality through authority figures that mold the patients into their visions of perfection. The ward staffs ability to overpower the patients free will is not questioned until a man named Randal McMurphy is committed to the mental institute. He rebels against what he perceives as a rigid, dehumanizing, and uncompassionate†¦show more content†¦By carrying out the Combine?s orders and imposing a matriarchal system, the Big Nurse has the ability to systematically dehumanize the patients and suppress their individuality. In Group Meetings, the men are forced to talk about personal experiences, a method Big Nurse claims is therapeutic b ut is actually very humiliating. Billy Bibbit talks about his first love who his mother disliked. Billy?s relationships with women seem to be the root of his problems. Nurse Ratched worsens the situation by ?grinding (his) nose in (his) mistakes? instead of helping him work through his problems (59). The patients let the nurse manipulate them in fear of the consequences of her wrath, and consequently are shamed, weak, and defenseless men. Even the Chief, the biggest man, has become a person so weakened by his society that he loses his ability to speak against the cruelty that surrounds him, ultimately leaving him powerless. The men are victims of their society and lose all their self confidence and individuality as a result of being pressured to conform. A man named Randal McMurphy, who defies the rules of everything that resembles the concept of the Combine, enters the hospital and immediately questions the corrupt system. He uses his rebellious spirit to influence the patients? beliefs about the policies, in hopes of gaining enough support to change them. When McMurphy comes and shakes every patient?s hand on the ward, Chief feels a sense of power transferring fromShow MoreRelatedSexuality in One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest and A Street Car Named Desire2393 Words   |  10 PagesKen Keseys One flew over the cuckoos nest and Tennessee Williams A street car named desire? In What ways is Sexuality portrayed as central to the conflicts of the individual-v-society in Ken Keseys One flew over the cuckoos nest and Tennessee Williams A street car named desire? The capacity of sexual feelings within the individual is central to both the development and fundamental basis of any significant character. As observed in both One flew over the cuckoos nest (AKA CuckoosRead More Transformation: Randle McMurphy Patients Essay844 Words   |  4 Pagesthe process of dealing with the hostility of the outside world and sets the stage for Billy Bibbit to lose his virginity by arranging a data between him and Candy Starr, a prostitute from Portland. When the other patients sense that McMurphy is weakening, they urge him to escape. He tells them he will leave early in the morning after Billy has his date. He arranges a going away party for himself. While Billy finally enjoys the pleasure of sex with Candy, McMurphy and the other patients smoke marijuanaRead MoreOne Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest1607 Words   |  7 Pages The 1960s was a time of great social change where people were challenging the norms great extends. The novel One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest is a perfect example of this which represents a great cultural artifacts of the sixties. The 1960s begin the controversial movement toward deinstitutionalization, act that would ve effected the characters in Cuckoo’s nest. In 1962 in the midst of the civil rights movement and deep changes to the way psychology and psychiatry we re being approached in AmericaRead MoreAnalysis Of One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest 1306 Words   |  6 PagesBenjamin Wiki - Conformity Intro â€Å"Conformity is behaviour in accordance with socially accepted conventions.† - One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest The novel is set in the 1960’s inside a mental institution told by a patient, Big Chief Bromden and can be seen as a miniature mirror of society. The wards society is presented as a machine, called the Combine, that makes everyone conform to its strict rules and timetables. All individuality is taken away from the patients, and the happy feelings are

Retail Manager Free Essays

| 2012| | Triangle Tribe Recruitment| Recuritment of retail manager| | Table of contents Contents Page no. Job analysis 2, 3, 4 Job description 5 Personnel specification 6 Method of recruitment 6, 7 Advertising campaign 8, 9 Action plan with timelines 10 EEO principles 11 References 12 Job analysis Job analysis focuses on what job holders are expected to do. It provides the root for a job description, which in turn influences decisions taken on recruitment, training, performance appraisal and reward systems. We will write a custom essay sample on Retail Manager or any similar topic only for you Order Now http://tutor2u. net/business/people/recruitment_jobanalysis. asp Three different methods used for collecting data are: 1) Interview (Mr Harry Retail manager , Myers) 0430301757 1) Tell me something about your job? My job includes what I want and it includes managing all the duties related with retailing of products and keep checking on staff so that they have to follow code of conduct. | 2) What are the main responsibilities during working hours? | Main responsibilities during work hours are to keep customers happy and solving their complaints at any costs other than this duties like Managing staff, Doing rosters, Boosting up moral level of employees, Handling sales and purchases for the store are some of my major duties. | 3) What are the main problems during work? Problems like solving customer queries and marinating stock for each brand are the problems during working hours because if size is not available sometime in fresh stock and customers sometime got upset and we may have d anger of loosing customer. | 4) How do you manage staff for different duties? | Managing staff is not a big deal as most of them know their duties and sometime problem arises when salesperson for particular brand is on leave and we have to put other salesperson over that corner which may not be familiar with all the products of that brand. | 5) How do you manage day to day stock and related items to stock? Before closing all the staff mark the required products for different brands and before opening on the next day all the products are delivered on their corners which are required for particular brand so by this all the products are available to customers at all times. | 2) Observations During the observation of work of retail manager in Myers, I noticed following tasks which he is performing on the field: 1) Motivating staff members on the work and try to improve their work. 2) Promoting the store products by different ways of promotion 3) Handling customer complaints ) Dealing wi th day to day stock 5) Ensures the procedures are being followed by all the staff members. 3) Questioner 1) What are your (Retail Manager) main duties? * Managing staff * Doing rosters * Boosting up moral level of employees * Handling sales and purchases for the store 2) How did you handle angry customer or unsatisfied customer? * By listening to the customers complaints calmly and making most of the decisions in the customers favour so that there must be proper customer satisfaction and customer will be happy from every point. 3) How do you handle with underperforming employee? Handling with underperforming employee is not a big deal, just provide some time frame to the employee so that he can improve his performance and also give them key points where they are lacking in so that the can improve as possible as they can and moreover if employee is not improving after 2 official written warnings he is terminated or asked to leaved the job. 4) How did you ensure that code of conduct i s being followed during work? * By keep checking on the staff from time to time and the major source is getting positive feedback from customers. Job Description Department: Retail store Position: Retail Manager Job type: Permanent (38- 40 hours) Salary: $60,000 with normal entitlements Employment Status: Ongoing Other Facilities: Leased 3 series BMW Retail Store Manager Job Duties: * Maintains store staff by recruiting, selecting, orienting, and training employees * Maintains the stability and reputation of the store by complying with legal requirements * Contributes to team effort by accomplishing related results as needed * Protects employees and customers by providing a safe and clean store environment * Identifies urrent and future customer requirements * Maintains operations by initiating, coordinating, and enforcing programmes http://monster. com/hr/hr-best-practices/recruiting-hiring-advice/job-descriptions/retail-store-manager-job-description-sample. aspx Personal Specifications Qualification and related requirements * Candidate must poses degree or masters in management, business or something equivalent to that. * Must having experience of 1-2 year(s) in re lated field * Applicants should be Australian citizens Skills required: * Must be Customer Focused * Required skill (s): MS office, word processing, spreadsheets and database management. Must be having knowledge about Tracking Budget Expenses * Having good communication skills * Must be Results Driven * Having good knowledge about Vendor Relationship, client relation ship and pricing of products Methods of recruitment External methods of recruitment * Placement agencies: Company can make contact with placement agencies and can get list of candidates according to job requirement. * Online advertisement: Company can post its job advertisement on various online sites like Careerone. com. au, Seek. com. au * Benefits of external methods of recruitment Bring new ideas and talent for the organisation * Help organisation to get required competencies * May reduce training cost by hiring professional or person having experience * Got heaps of options and can choose best among them Internal m ethods of recruitment * Promotions It is most common and efficient method for recruitment as it boosts the moral level of employees and also motivates employees to work better. * Personal recommendation Under this manager or team leader recommend his team member for the job vacant in the company this is also very commonly used method of internal recruitment. Benefits of internal recruitment * Cheaper and quicker to recruit * People already familiar with the business and how it operates. * Business already knows the strengths and weaknesses of candidates * Less cost included * Reduce cost for training as compared to new employee Job advertisement (For internet) Location: Melbourne, CBD locations Department: Retail store Position: Retail Manager $60K + Super + Bonuses + Clothing discounts + leased BMW Work in a fun, dynamic culture with a supportive upper management structure! This fashion retailer is one of the Australia’s leading contemporary brands –selling edgy, fashion-forward designs that are always one step ahead of the trends. The brand focuses on funky yet sophisticated fashion for the distinguished youth, always creating fresh new looks and a keen sense of style! We are seeking a Store Manager for the XXXX store. You must have a passion for street fashion, a knack for styling, an understanding of current fashion trends and the ability to present funky, urban looks to your fashion-conscious clientele. Duties include: * Managing stock levels and staff * Managing rosters * Merchandising * Setting and ensuring budgets are met * Ensuring the department provides a pleasant shopping experience for customers and exceptional customer service is being offered; and * Ensuring health and safety at the workplace http://www. indeed. com. au/jobs? q=retail+manager;gclid=CMah3 Must have skills: * A minimum of two years experience in a management role * Strong interpersonal and selling skills * Excellent customer service and rapport building skills Good people management skills * Hands-on leadership skills * High energy and a passion for the industry You are a strong team player, a lover of fashion retail, with an intense desire to have a successful career in the fashion retail industry. If you are looking for a company that offers support, recognition, coupled with a fun working environment, then this is the role for you! Send your resume to Triangle Tribe at ABCD@Yahoo. com Job advertisement (F or print media) Triangle Tribe Retail Manager * $ 60k package * Great incentives * CBD locations We are seeking an experienced professional to join well known organisation. Your responsibilities will be challenging and varied including development of business. The person must be able to promote the store and the fashion line. Contact The Triangle Group is a group of companies on 9870xxxxxx for further information. OR Email at ABCD@Yahoo. com Action plan with timelines Activity| Manager position became vacant| Recruiting processIncluding job advertisement| Interviewing the candidate| Appointment of candidateAnd familiarising with job| Date| 26/9/2012| 10/9/2012| 22/9/2012| 26/9/2012| Person responsible| ——————-| HR officer| HR officer| HR officer| Time required to complete task| ——————-| App. 2 weeks | 1 particular day| 1-2 days| Comments| Manager position will be vacant from 26/9/2012 and before this recruitment process has to be completed| On 10/9/2012Advertisement related to job will be posted on internet and other sources will all the detailsRelated to the job. | On 22/9/2012 selected applications of candidates will be interviewed and among them best will be selected for this job. On 26/9/2012Contract between company and selected candidate will be signed and he will be familiarised with his job and related duties. | EEO principles Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) is about: * Making sure that workplaces are free from all forms of unlawful discrimination and harassment * There must not be discrimination among applicants or candidates on the basis of: * Age * Sex * Pregnancy * Disability * Race, colour, ethnic or ethno-religious background, descent or nationality * Marital status * Homosexuality, or * Gender identification EEO groups are people affected by past or continuing disadvantage or discrimination in employment. These groups are: †¢ Women’s †¢ Aboriginal people and Torres Strait Islanders †¢ Members of racial, ethnic, and ethno-religious minority groups, and †¢ People with a disability. Government restrict the practices of discrimination in recruitment process and all the companies are following these principles and by following these principles many companies are showing growth due to their multicultural environment and different talent from different nations. http://www. awlink. nsw. gov. au/lawlink/adb/ll_adb. nsf/pages/adb_eeo_affirmative_action References Tutor2u viewed on 9th Aug 2012 http://tutor2u. net/business/people/recruitment_jobanalysis. asp Monster viewed on 9th Aug 2012 http://monster. com/hr/hr-best-practices/recruiting-hiring-advice/job-descriptions/retail-store-manager-job-description-sample. aspx Indeed viewed on 11th Aug 2012 http://www. indeed. co m. au/jobs? q=retail+manager;gclid=CMah3 Lawlink viewed on 11th Aug 2012 http://www. lawlink. nsw. gov. au/lawlink/adb/ll_adb. nsf/pages/adb_eeo_affirmative How to cite Retail Manager, Essay examples

MARRY CLARA Essay Example For Students

MARRY CLARA? Essay SCENE1:Obi is on his way to his father when he meets an old school matefrom Umofia. OBI:Oh! Hallo Jacob it was a long time ago we met. How are you?Jacob:Thanks ,Im fine. It was certanly a long time ago we met. What are you doing here in Umofia?I heard you work for the CivilService in Lagos,I hope its fun. Obi:Im here to visit my dad and mum.It was a long time ago Ivisited them and I have something Important to discuss with them. Jacob:Oh I see,what is this important thing that has brought you toUmofia?Obi:Ok the problem is that I have met a girl,her name is Clara. We met at a dance then on the boat-trip back from England . We fell in love and now we want to marry each other,but there is aslight problem. Clara is an Osu,but in my eyes she is the most beautiful woman inthe world,she is like the sun in a sunset and a moon in the night,there is always light shining from her. Its not a fare world we are living in,she cant responsible forsomething her ancestors did. Im going to marry her I dont care what others will say about it. Jacob:Calm down brother! Im your friend and Im christian too butyou know what the people in the village think about Osus. If you want to have your dignety you do better not marry her. If you marry her everone will call you and your children Osusand you will bring shame not only on your family but also on allyour ancestors. Obi: I know all that already.This is modern time and people aremore free now to choose so why cant I choose who I want to marrywithout everyones comments. So should we care about something so old as the Osu-tribe. We are all brothers of the black tribe. We have got the same blood that our earliest ancestors brought us. What differs the Osu-tribe from us?Nice to meet you but I have to go before it gets dark. See you!Jacob: Yes,see you! SCENE2:Obi is knocking on his fathers door and his father opens it. Father:What a great surprise,welcome home and welcome in. We have missed you since you went to Lagos. How is your work?Is Mr Green nice to you?Obi and his father walks in. Obi:Thanks ! Everything is alright in Lagos except Mr Green. He thinks we Africans are lazy and a corrupted people and that thewhite Englishmen has to rule in Africa if anything is going to bedone properly.Father:Mr Green seems to have an attitude problem against blackpeople,but there is something else you want to tell me.I can see thatat your face. Obi:Ok: to be straight forward,I like a girl,her name is Clara.She isthe most beautiful girl I have met. We have been together now for a while and we have plans to marryeach other. You have to agree to a wedding. Father:Ok take it easy now, I havent met this young lady and Idont know anything about her background and her ancestors. You explain it to me beacause you know more about her then I do. Obi:This is hard to say,but she is an Osu. I dont care if she is an Osu or not she is the same girl for me. SCENE3:Obis father went out from the room without saying a word . Obi went after him. Obi:Father we can at least talk about it as menFather :I have nothing to talk about with you son.How can you beso foolish to even think about marry an Osu. .ue139465935d53fe9c6cd612d46e1f170 , .ue139465935d53fe9c6cd612d46e1f170 .postImageUrl , .ue139465935d53fe9c6cd612d46e1f170 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue139465935d53fe9c6cd612d46e1f170 , .ue139465935d53fe9c6cd612d46e1f170:hover , .ue139465935d53fe9c6cd612d46e1f170:visited , .ue139465935d53fe9c6cd612d46e1f170:active { border:0!important; } .ue139465935d53fe9c6cd612d46e1f170 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue139465935d53fe9c6cd612d46e1f170 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue139465935d53fe9c6cd612d46e1f170:active , .ue139465935d53fe9c6cd612d46e1f170:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue139465935d53fe9c6cd612d46e1f170 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue139465935d53fe9c6cd612d46e1f170 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue139465935d53fe9c6cd612d46e1f170 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue139465935d53fe9c6cd612d46e1f170 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue139465935d53fe9c6cd612d46e1f170:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue139465935d53fe9c6cd612d46e1f170 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue139465935d53fe9c6cd612d46e1f170 .ue139465935d53fe9c6cd612d46e1f170-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue139465935d53fe9c6cd612d46e1f170:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Civil Disobedience EssayIt would discrase our family and everybody will laugh at us. Have you spoke with someone else about this?Obi:Yes,JacobFather:Fool do realise whats going to happen if he tells the rest ofthe village,do you Obi:Yes I do and there is nothing to be ashame of.Who cares abouther ancestors and their history. Not me,we want each other and thats the only thing that meanssomething doesnt it. We are Christians for god sake and we can choose whoever we wantto our wife. Father:I know but what will the rest of the village going to say. Obi:We have to teach them and make them accept the newgeneration and what it stands for,everyone has his rightsto say and think what he want to. Father:Ok my son lets try ,but if they say no and we cant convincethem thats it!END

So Red The Rose by Arcadia free essay sample

Arcadia was one of two Duran Duran side projects that evolved in late 1985, after Duran Duran’s release of the single â€Å"A View To A Kill† (Which was the theme song for the James Bond movie of the same name.) and the temporary split up that followed when guitarist Andy Taylor and bassist John Taylor left the band to form their own rock outfit â€Å"The Power Station.† Remaining members , keyboardist Nick Rhodes, Lead singer Simon LeBon, and Drummer Roger Taylor formed Arcadia, a very short lived and little-known group that was often forgotten in eighties pop history, despite the success of their mother group Duran Duran . Arcadia released â€Å"So Red The Rose† (#23 U.S., # 30 U.K.) in December 1985, and spawned two hits , â€Å"Election Day† (#6) and â€Å" Goodbye is Forever†(#33). Though the album failed to produce another single, tracks on the album like â€Å"The Flame†, the tropical sounding â€Å"El Diablo† and the mel ancholic harmony of â€Å"Lady Ice† along with the energetic sounding â€Å"Election Day† are strong points on the album that really show the group’s experimental efforts to cast a lighthearted, mystical feel in some parts while in others a much darker mood prevailed. We will write a custom essay sample on So Red The Rose by Arcadia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Though the Arcadia lineup eventually dissolved a year later, (When LeBon and Rhodes re-formed Duran Duran with John Taylor of â€Å"The Power Station.† While R. Taylor took a hiatus.) The album in my opinion gets a five star rating as it is very creative, and is enjoyable to listen to even after you’ve heard it for the thousandth time. So, whether you’re tired of hearing Lady Gaga or Justin Beiber all day long, or want to listen to something different than your peers, check out Arcadia’s â€Å"So Red The Rose.† I guarantee you’ll enjoy it as much as I do. Sources- 1. â€Å"The New Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock Roll†- Paul Evans, Steve Futterman, Elysa Gardener, Mark Kemp, Evelyn McDonnell, Steve Mirkin and Michael Shore.- Rolling Stone Press,1995. 2. Arcadia’s â€Å"So Red The Rose† Remastered, 2CD/DVD. 3. ITunes

U.S. Birth Rate Hits All-Time Low in 2016

U.S. Birth Rate Hits All-Time Low in 2016 In a trend that has some demographers worried, the birth rate in the United States dropped to its lowest level ever in 2016. Dropping by another full 1% from 2015, there were only 62 births per 1,000 women aged 15 to 44. Overall, there were a total of 3,945,875 babies born in the United States during 2016. â€Å"This is the second year that the number of births has declined following an increase in 2014. Prior to that year, the number of births declined steadily from 2007 through 2013,† noted the CDC. According to an analysis issued by the National Center for Health Statistics of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), birth rates in all age groups under age 30 fell to all-time record lows. Among women ages 20 to 24, the decline was 4%. Among women ages 25 to 29, the rate fell 2 percent.   Drop in Teenage Pregnancy Drives Trend In an analysis issued by the National Center for Health Statistics, researchers report that birth rates declined to record lows in all groups under age 30. Among women ages 20 to 24, the decline was 4 percent. For women 25 to 29, the rate fell 2 percent. Driving the trend, the fertility and birth  rate among teenagers and 20-somethings fell by 9% from 2015 to 2016, continuing a long-term decline of 67% since 1991. While they are often used interchangeably, the term â€Å"fertility rate† refers to the number of births per 1,000 women between the ages of 15 and 44 occurring in a particular year, while â€Å"birth  rate† refers to the fertility rates within particular age groups or specific demographic groups. Does This Mean the Total Population is Falling? The fact that the all-time low fertility and birth  rate puts the United States population below the â€Å"replacement level† - the balance point between births and deaths at which the population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next - does not mean that the total U.S. population is falling. The annual U.S. immigration rate of 13.5% in 2017 still more than compensates for the lower fertility rates. Indeed, while the birth  rate continued to fall consistently throughout the period from 1990 to 2017, the nation’s total population increased by over 74 million people, from 248,709,873 in 1990 to an estimated 323,148,586 in 2017. Potential Dangers of a Falling Birthrate  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Despite a growing total population, some demographers and social scientists worry that if the birth  rate continues to slide, the U.S. could face a â€Å"baby crisis† resulting in cultural and economic pathos. Far more than an indicator of societal trends, a nation’s birth  rate is one of the most significant gauges of its overall demographic health. If the fertility rate falls too far below the replacement level, there is a danger that the nation will lose the ability to replace its aging workforce, leaving it unable to generate the amount of tax revenue needed to keep the economy stable, maintain or grow the infrastructure, and become unable to provide essential government services. On the other side, if birth  rates get too high, overpopulation can strain the nation’s available resources such as housing, social services, and safe food and water.   Over the decades, countries like France and Japan, experiencing the negative effects of a low birth  rate have applied pro-family policies in attempts to encourage couples to have babies. However, in nations such as India, where fertility rates have fallen slightly over the last few decades, residual overpopulation still results in wide-spread starvation and abject poverty. US Birthrates Up Among Older Women The US birth  rate is not falling among all age groups. According to the CDC’s findings, the fertility rate for women ages 30 to 34 rose by 1% over the 2015 rate, and the rate for women ages 35 to 39 went up by 2%, the highest rate in that age group since 1962. The birth  rate among older women ages 40 to 44 also increased, up 4% over 2015. In addition, the fertility rate for women ages 45 to 49 increased to 0.9 births per thousand from 0.8 in 2015. Other Details of US Birthrates in 2016 Unmarried Women: Among unmarried women, the birth rate fell to 42.1 births per 1,000 women, down from 43.5 per 1,000 in 2015. Falling for the eighth consecutive year, the birthrate for unmarried women has now dropped by over 3% since reaching its peak in 2007 and 2008. By race, 28.4% of white babies, 52.5% of Hispanics, and 69.7% of black babies were born to unmarried parents in 2016. Preterm Birthrate: Describing babies born before 37 weeks of gestation, the preterm birth rate increased for the second consecutive year to 9.84% per 1,000 women from 9.63% per 1,000 women in 2015.  This slight increase in preterm births came after a decline of 8% from 2007 to 2014. The highest rate of preterm birth was among non-Hispanic blacks, at 13.75% per 1,000 women, while the lowest was among Asians, at 8.63% per 1,000 women. Use of Tobacco by Mother: For the first time, the CDC reported data on mothers’ use of tobacco during pregnancy. Of the women who gave birth in 2016, 7.2% reported smoking tobacco at some point while pregnant. Tobacco use was the most common earlier in pregnancy - 7.0% of women smoked in their first trimester, 6.0% in their second, and 5.7% in their third. Of the 9.4% of women who reported smoking in the 3 months prior to becoming pregnant, 25.0% quit smoking before pregnancy.

How Federal Title I Program Helps Students and Schools

How Federal Title I Program Helps Students and Schools Title I provides federal funding to schools that serve an area with high poverty. The funding is meant to help students who are at risk of falling behind academically. The funding provides supplemental instruction for students who are economically disadvantaged or at risk of failing to meet state standards. Students are expected to show academic growth at a faster rate with the support of Title I instruction. The Origin of Title I The Title I program originated as the Title I of the Elementary and Secondary Act of 1965. It is now associated with Title I, Part A of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB). Its primary purpose was to ensure that all children were given the opportunity to be provided with a high-quality education. Title I is the largest federally funded education program for elementary and secondary schools. Title I is also designed to focus on special needs populations and to reduce the gap between advantaged and disadvantaged students. Benefits of Title I Title I has benefited schools in many ways. Perhaps the most important is the funding itself. Public education is cash strapped and having Title I funds available affords schools the opportunity to maintain or initiate programs that target specific students.  Without this funding, many schools would not be able to provide their students with these services.  Furthermore, the students have reaped the benefits of Title I funds having opportunities that they otherwise would not have. In short, Title I has helped some students succeed when they may not have otherwise. Some schools may opt to use the funds to initiate a school-wide Title I program where every student can benefit from these services. Schools must have a child poverty rate of at least 40% to implement a school-wide Title I program. A school-wide Title I program can provide benefits to all students and is not just limited to those students who are considered to be economically disadvantaged. This path gives schools the biggest bang for their buck because they are able to impact a larger number of students. Requirements of Title I Schools Schools that utilize Title I funds have several requirements to keep the funding. Some of these requirements are as follows: Schools must create a comprehensive needs assessment that specifies why Title I funds are needed and how they will be used.Schools must use highly qualified teachers to provide instruction.Teachers must utilize highly effective, research-based instructional strategies.Schools must provide their teachers with quality professional development designed to improve the areas identified by the needs assessment.Schools must create a targeted parental involvement plan with associated activities such as a family engagement night.Schools must identify students who are not meeting state standards and create a strategic plan for helping those students grow and improve.Schools must show annual growth and improvement. They must prove that what they are doing is working.

See the pic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

See the pic - Essay Example Customers are engaged in real time through social media like twitter and facebook. A market integration in sugar allows creation and management of marketing programs to particular customers. Customers also enjoy the use of software they use daily in their lives since they integrate into Sugar CRM. The software includes the Word, Outlook or Excel. The Dun&Bradstreet component of sugar allows the management to have a complete view of the customer properties requests and insights. Sugar can import all the business contacts from Gmail, Google and IMAP into one place. Sugar provides a complete sales forecast for the business. Sugar presents forecasting for each item that can be formatted to specific periods. It also gives the management achievement quotas and other functionality scenario simulations. Due to increase in smartphone use, sugar has mobile CRM that allows on-the-go use through native Android and iOS applications. All these functionalities have a customer-service portal for bug reports, trouble tickets, and an FAQ section. All these features are elegantly presented in a multiple homepage dashboard that have monthly outcome pipelines, lead sources categorized by opportunities and sales pipelines. These results can be presented to the management or customer through customizable charts, dashboards and reports that are generated

GROUP COUNSELING Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

GROUP COUNSELING - Research Paper Example ails people who share some common problems or similar issues, where they meet in the same session and solve their issues without having a professional leader (Winsome, 2010). In some cases, the group leader might just be called in shortly to offer guidance and get the group on its feet. This paper uses the technique called Rational Emotive Group Counseling technique and this is usually given in response to some problems that are already in existence in young people and has specific aims or objectives (Moore, 1997). This is a group of youngsters who have started experiencing biological changes that do affect their emotions, personal and peer based behaviors. These body changes come with the onset of teenage and these groups of people are prone to various risks since they are curious about the changes occurring in their bodies and are attracted by many things within the environment (Wilde, 1994). My group counseling session will take place at the St. John Church New York. This is because it is accessible to many schools that are surrounding the location and would also need change of environment for the participants since they spend most of their time in school than church environment. Adolescents experience paradoxes. They strive to have closeness but fear the aspect of intimacy and do away with it. They are unable to deal with the demands of most social settings. This group is likely to experiment with sexual matters and end up messing their lives through acquisition of diseases and pregnancies. It is important for them to be counseled in groups so as to share issues and learn about themselves. I would orient the group members to get acquainted, get to know each other by names, and helping them set their personal goals of what they would want to achieve from the session. I would teach those ways of being a productive group and giving guidelines. â€Å"Our topic is concerned with your sexuality. The sexual act entails two people, male and female, sleeping together

European History-The Later middle Ages Essay Example for Free

European History-The Later middle Ages Essay Black Death was a plague that swept across Europe in the 14th century resulting in an irrevocable change to Europe’s religious structure which was highly dominated by the Roman Catholic Church. Besides, Black Death resulted in harassment of minority groups such as Jews on not only grounds of religious detestation but also a way of attacking the church or the kings who were perceived to protect them. This was heightened by feelings that the church as an institution had failed to provide social guidance equally among all people. The Pope condemned the killings and tried to stop it but to no avail resulting in renewed religious fanaticism and fervor amid Black Plague. This resulted is weakening of the old connection between the society and the religion (Tuchman 20-50). The fact that the clergy were not able to banish or cure the disease and explain its causes resulted in cynicism toward church. At the time of Black Death the Pope was based in France and was seen to have abandoned church leadership for French monarchy hence leaving its people at the time of need. This compounded disillusionment among people towards the church and embraced other religious outfits such as Order of Flagellants. Subsequently, as the disease caused death in monasteries, few years later there was a shortage of clergy. New clergy members replaced those who had died but did not have life-long convictions hence resulting in more abuses and weakening of church position in the society (Tuchman 50). 2. The Hundred Years’ War occurred in the years between 1336 and 1453 and it was mostly between France and England. England traded with Flanders in exchange of its fleece for wine in the Southern France. This was a triangular-like trade in which English traded with France indirectly through Flanders. However, the king of France was persistently struggling to regain control over the wealth in Flanders as a result the English could not let it go as it could have meant their only source of foreign exchange is gone. In these misunderstandings, a civil war broke out whereby the English supported the manufacturing companies whereas the French supported land-owning nobility. Besides, the English had a control over duchy of Guienne in France. In this regard, King Edward III became disappointed with King Phillip IV’s broken promise to restore a part of the Guienne to the English. Additionally, King Phillip went against English wish and supported Scotland which angered England. This war became more complex as the right over the territorial control –dynast conflict- was coupled with conflict over succession of throne. For instance, King Edward III who had risen to the throne in 1327 could have claimed to succeed Charles IV of France after he died in 1328 without any heir. Some years later, King Edward declared himself the King of France to provoke France so that he can attract resistance from them (Allmand 20-50). The war resulted in paradigm shift in terms of tactics, weapons, and technology employed in military war. For instance, the use of cavalry which by then was powerful machinery was abandoned for longbow. Other weapons introduced during the war include gunpowder and cannons. The war revealed the extent to which royal authority in England could be questioned especially in the succession lapse when King Edward III died. The Peasant’s revolt in 1381 witnessed an uprising against the throne by peasants leading to the King (Richard III) giving in to their demands. The war rekindled patriotism and nationalism among the French nationals. The country transformed from being a feudal monarchy to being a centralized state. Besides, the growth of French as a royal and commerce language disappeared during the war (Anne 5-20). 3. It is in the fourteenth century that majority of European countries experienced some of the worst natural disasters and social upheavals. The first disaster is the Little Ice Age, a climatic disaster. During this period, epidemics, famine and heavy rains became evident resulting in weakened agricultural productivity. The second natural disaster during the fourteenth century was The Black Death, a plague that nearly brought life to a standstill in Europe. Social upheavals include the hundred years’ war (1337-1450), internal church wrangles in the Catholic Church, and rise up of Islam militants. As a result of The Little Ice Age, France experienced heavy rains around 1315 that culminated into famine in the later years. All these disasters had a large impact on drastically reducing the overall population of Europe as many individuals died. It is also important to note that a lot of minorities for instance Jew were killed or extradited for Europe especially during Black Death. It is also during this time that the highly dominant Catholic Church received much criticism from the society. Additionally, the Church differed with the monarchy when taxes were imposed on its officials resulting into ‘Babylonian Exile’. In 1377 amid the crisis, Pope Gregory XI relocated to Rome for Avignon, France (Tuchman 25-70). 4. In the 14th century, Italy like many other European countries experienced a lot of hardships economically, socially, politically, and in religion. Besides, in the mid 14century, Italy undergone rebirth what is popularly referred to as ‘renaissance’. In the cities where the feudal system was not strong for instance in the northern frontier –Venice, Florence, and Milan- a strong economical and political atmosphere became dominant and their political structure ruled surrounding regions impacting significant influence over them. In the same period, south of Italy became highly dominated by Papal administration especially in Rome. The papal administration exerted a lot of rivalry to the Northern cities as well as influencing to a large extent the Italian politics and lifestyles. During the 14th century, the political elite advocated for the principle of humanism by arguing that a person can achieve considerably while in this world in terms of politics and life among others. Therefore, the medieval perceptions that people had changed drastically as they geared towards showcasing their talents (Jackson 310-320). 5. In the fourteenth century, the Roman Catholic had strong influence on the political and social life in most parts of Italy whereas Germany was under monarch rule. For instance, Germany was ruled mostly by the Habsburgs with power centering around three houses of dynasty: Habsburg, Wittelsbach, and Luxemburg. Therefore most parts of Germany were controlled by the emperor. It is also during the fourteenth century that Germany flourished although it was hit by the Black Plague. In Italy the papal administration and secular leadership was not totally in agreement in terms of managing economic resources and to develop central governments. Subsequently, around the year 1300, the well established Holy Roman Empire failed to maintain its centralized form of governance across Europe resulting into war between different states such as the barbaric German tribes that invaded Italy. This culminated into having a power vacuum until in 17th century. In Italy for instance, the independence of some of its states in the North coupled with wrangles between the in the Papacy prevented realization of a strong centralized governance (Tuchman 50). 6. It is in the 14th century that the Church experienced faced difficult times and gradually lost its prestige and power in the society. The Church failed to provide moral and spiritual guidance to the people and it can be explained in three distinct stages. First is the Avignon Papacy of 1305 to 1378. During the time pope was located in Avignon, France and officials were seen to monarch’s puppet. They were corrupt, disregarded social morals, were left out in condemning the hundred years’ war, and failed in their responsibility during the Black Plague. A lot of groups also criticized the Church for owning wealth and property as this was against God’s teaching because Jesus owned nothing. Some people also claimed that Church should consist of members only and not be led by a single individual. At this time papacy defended its righteousness persistently as well as attacking its critics but it is evident that papacy lost its moral authority and credibility to the people (Jackson 322). The second event that degraded credibility of papacy was the great schism of between 1378 and 1415. After Gregory XI died, the College of Cardinals in Rome was forced by an angry Roman mob to choose a pope of Italian origin. Urban VI was chosen and immediately after, French cardinals protested by fleeing Rome into Avignon where they chose another French pope as they claimed the election was not free and fair. This culminated into having two papal administrations at Rome and at Avignon hence resulting in financial crisis. Besides, the notion that Church was autonomous from state and secular sanctions failed to be realized. Wrangles existed between the two centers of power leading to excommunication claims by either of the side for receiving sacraments. Third is the Council of Pisa that met in 1408 and resolved to elect a new pope thereby dismissing the two rival popes. They based this on the principle of conciliarism. However, this was not adhered to by the two rival popes and resulted in having three popes. This complicated the matters more in regard to who had supreme power to elect pope leading to the Holy Roman Emperor backing the Conciliarists in holding another council to resolve the issue in 1415 (Jackson 323). . 7. The religious rift which occurred in the Church around 11th century A. D. is what widely referred to as the Great Schism. The Roman Catholic Church and the Geek Catholic also known Greek Orthodox Church separated during the p[period which lasted between 1378 and 1415. The acrimony between the West patriarchate in Rome and East patriarchates in Jerusalem, Antioch, Byzantium, and Alexandria was on of the cause. This was heightened more by language differences because the West spoke Latin whereas East spoke Greek. Besides, the rift grew more when Emperor Constantine considered transferring the capital from Rome to Byzantium. Additionally, during the same time German tribes invaded Europe leading to political instability (Jackson 323). This political turmoil coupled with geographical distances and economic hardship lead to ultimate separation of West from the East. As a result it is only a few theologians from West who could speak the predominant Greek language in the East. Communication broke lose among the west and east clergy. There was decreased literacy in the West as compared to highly educated East populace. Thus the church had significant influence among the East populace. The clergy in the East was capable of translating the Bible into local languages and with time it became mature enough to establish self governance. The occurrence of the Great Schism was also a sign of failure in leadership among the church officials in the 14th century (Jackson 324). Works Cited Allmand, C. T. The hundred year’s war: England and France at war, c. 1300-c. 1450. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 1988. Anne Curry. The Hundred Years War. 2nd ed. UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. Tuchman, Barbara W. A Distant Mirror. New York: Knopf, 1978. Jackson, Spielvogel J. Western Civilization. 7th ed. Cengage Learn

Social Issues in Judith Wrights work :: essays research papers

Social issues are displayed in many poets’ work and their beliefs on these issues are exposed intentionally through the use of various techniques. Judith Wright conveyed her view on social issues in most of her poems, and built her argument by using a variety of poetic techniques which position the reader to comprehend her beliefs. By developing a socially critical perspective through her poems, Wright’s view of the world’s social issues is presented to the reader in a way that forces them to ponder on the aspects of society mentioned. â€Å"Woman to Man† and â€Å"Remittance Man† are two poems through which Wrights beliefs on pregnancy, the relationship between man and wife, and social dissatisfaction due to context are examined. Poetic techniques or devices such as rhythm, figurative language and rhyme all position the reader not only to be aware of the social issue, but also to understand it, often through Wright’s perspective. â€Å"Woma n to Man† is an example of a poem which examines a social issue through poetic techniques, based on Wright’s context at the time. â€Å"Woman to Man† by Judith Wright expresses a woman’s thoughts on pregnancy and was written when Wright herself was pregnant. Due to this fact, one can assume that the poem explores Judith Wright’s thoughts on pregnancy as she speaks to her husband through the poem, expressing her feelings through various poetic techniques. The poem displays an unusual strength for moving the reader through the emotional tension, the development of ideas and the structure as this delicate topic is handled with precaution and disciplined craftsmanship. The steady progression of ideas seen in the well laid out structure causes a more dramatic reading on a subject which Wright felt so strongly about. The poem â€Å"Woman to Man† has evidently been written with confidence and emotional sincerity as Wright shows she knows what she wants to say. One can see this through the easy balance of the lines, even in line three which ends, or is maintained with a dash. This is meant to be a silence for the reader to ponder on what has just been mentioned. Again, the balance is maintained in the last line by a comma, which also indicates silence and thus stresses the four last words â€Å"for I am afraid†. These words portray strong feeling of anxiety and mirror Wrights feelings about her pregnancy at the time. The poem identifies with her emotions and the issue of pregnancy affecting marriage not only through structure, but also through speed and rhythm.

Member of Parliament Essay

Delegation is to give another person authority and responsibility of a certain task that you would normally do yourself but you still take accountability for the outcome. In order to delegate effectively you need to first decide what tasks to delegate. You need to track what you can delegate by making a list of tasks that you do and from this the things that you can give to others. It is a more cost effective way of giving others responsibility rather than hiring someone else to do the work. Planning is essential when you are delegating. You need to identify the individual’s knowledge on the task, the skills they have to do it efficiently. Give them control of the task completely but follow it up regularly by meetings and asking them how it is going, what is going good and what they need help on. Communication between the other person and you has to be very clear and precise. You should have their full attention. They need to have a clear understanding of what needs to be done and by when. SMART objectives need to be set for them and discuss the standard that you expect from them. Ask them how they will do it and what help you can give them in the task. Give them reassurance, confidence, offer them your support and appreciate them. Believe in them. When delegating tasks there are several levels of delegation to consider. Everyone is different, not everyone can handle or respond well to certain styles. A good manager knows which level to use with each member of staff when assigning a task. Level 1- this is when the manager asks the staff member to look into the situation, get all the facts needed and come back to him/her. The decision of what to do is made by the manager. This type of delegation is usually used for new employees who have no experience in the business. It is also used when you cannot physically do it yourself as you are handling quite a few other things at the same time. For example, at SS during a busy patch at lunch time, if there is a customer who comes in who has problems with his glasses. You cannot see him as you are already dealing with two other customers. You ask a member of staff to check the glasses thoroughly, find out what problem they are having by getting all the facts from the customer. You have delegated this task out to that member of staff but you make the final decision on what should be done. You control the delegation. Level 2- this is when the manager asks the member of staff to look into the situation but also come up with possible solutions to the problem. For example, in the above example, the manager  would have asked the member of staff to come up with reasons why the customer is having problems and ways to fix the problem. However, the final decision is still made by the manager. The manager still controls the delegation. This level offers opportunities for more instruction, coaching, and development of the employees. It is often used for employees who may be changing companies but staying in the same career, so they are familiar with the task but not with the new employer’s working style and requirements. Level 3 –this is when the manager asks the member of staff to look into the situation and come up with possible solutions. The staff member picks the best solution for the customer but gets the manager to approve before going ahead with it. For example the above mentioned member of staff would have the measurements rechecked by the manager before he remakes the customer’s glasses. The manager still controls the delegation but it conveys more trust and faith in the chosen employee, it also facilitates training, improves the overall experience and increases educational opportunities for the employee. This is a good happy medium for both new and experienced employees and works well in large workplaces where the tasks must be managed properly for structural purposes. Level 4 – this is when the manager asks the member of staff to look into the situation and carry on and finish it till the end of the solution unless he says not to. For example, in the above example, the member of staff would be able to finish it off unless the manager said not to. The staff member controls this type of delegation. It shows a lot of faith and pays a compliment to the staff as to their manager’s level of confidence in their ability to complete the task successfully. It is often left for experienced employees, particularly those who have performed the repeated task successfully in circumstances prior. One problem to this approach is it can also be a source of frustration for an employee who is told they have the expertise and capability to do what is requested the way their manager wants it done, but then if they lack the confidence in their manager to follow through or if something goes wrong, then it makes this person almost entirely accountable. This Level requires trust, rapport, confidence and understanding. Level 5 – this stage is when the managers asks the staff member to complete the task and to report back to him when it is done and what was done. For example in the above situation, the manager will want to know when the problem is sorted and what the member of staff  did to solve it. The manager doesn’t even require a heads-up or check-back before the staff member starts work on the task. Many companies who have experienced staff members use this type of delegation to accomplish more. It can also be beneficial for smaller companies who trust in their employees to help them perform at maximum potential. They control the delegation. Level 6 – this is when the manager tells the staff member to take action and follow it up if needed. For example in the above example, the manager gives full authority for that staff member to deal with the customer. He does not get involved at all. This is not only complete freedom, but also the ultimate compliment in terms of a manager’s confidence in the staff member’s ability to complete a task to the manager’s complete satisfaction. When it comes to effective delegation, you cannot just order people around. Each individual is different and responds differently to different styles of delegation, criticism and praise. This means in order to be most effective, and get the best results from staff chosen to have tasks and projects delegated to them, employers must be both creative and knowledgeable when it comes to picking the right person for the right kind of delegated assignment.

Crime in the Information Age Essay

It’s not difficult to gauge what the popular notions of crime in the United States are. Engage in any polite conversation over dinner or cocktails and one is likely to hear similar themes: â€Å"crime is out of control, it’s just not the same world we grew up in, it’s not safe to walk down the street anymore, it’s a mean world out there,† etc. The underlying theme that can be drawn from these notions is fear. There is a widespread conception that crime is a rampant problem in this country and that violent crime and others are on the rise. However, these beliefs are not supported at all by the facts, even those put forth by our own law enforcement agencies. So why then, are most Americans so concerned with the threat of violent crime in particular? While the answer to this question is a complex one involving many contributors, the focus of this essay is concerned with the impact of popular media on these perceptions, because the media, it would seem, is one of the most influential contributors to the social construction of crime in this country. The coverage of crime, and particularly violent crime, in the news media has increased in frequency of coverage and sensationalized reporting despite statistical proof that violent crime has been decreasing for many years. This phenomenon is of great concern because how we arrive at our perceptions of our world should be critically examined so policy solutions react to truth not manipulated reality. As of 2001 homicides made up one to two-tenths of one percent of all arrests, yet made up 27-29% of crime coverage on the nightly news (Dorfman and Schiraldi). Still one of the most shocking statistics from Dorfman and Schiraldi’s study states that, â€Å"Crime coverage has increased while real crime rates have fallen. While homicide coverage was increasing on the network news by 473% from 1990 to 1998, homicide arrests dropped 32. 9% from 1990 to 1998. We can see one indication of the effects of this unrealistic reporting in 1994 when, for example, in a Washington Post/ABC poll respondents named crime as their number one concern (far more than any other issue) with 65 percent of those who responded as such saying that they learned about this issue from the media (Jackson and Naureckas). The fact is, however, that violent crime has been on the decrease for roughly thirteen years and is estimated to be at a roughly thirty year low (U. S. Department of Justice). The following g raph rom the Department of Justice shows a dramatic decrease in the rates of violent crime beginning in the early nineties: ? The National Criminal Victimization Survey, which is conducted differently than the more common Uniform Crime Reports, shows a decrease in violent as well as property crimes in the United States for more than a decade (qtd. in Torny 118). The evidence seems to be overwhelming; no matter what the method used for measuring crime rates there is an obvious decrease in crime, especially with respect to violent crime in the United States. These are just a couple of the statistics researchers and academics have compiled over recent years addressing the discrepancy between media coverage of crime and actual crime statistics. So in light of these multiple studies using different methods, how and why is it that media coverage of violent crime has grown exponentially? Surette explains that crime is both an individual and cultural product (237). There is a correlation between media consumption and support for more harsh criminal justice policies and perceptions of the â€Å"mean-world view† (Surette 196). This supports the theory that the more news a person consumes, particularly television news, the less they know about the actual state of the world. Surette explains that while the media certainly does have an impact it is not the only factor in creating this culture of the fear of crime and impacts those who live in a more isolated environment and consume higher levels of media (200). He also notes that research suggests that those who watch a good deal of television have trouble differentiating between the television world and the real world (204). The media has a â€Å"relationship with fear† that can correlate with fear fore some viewers (Surette 206). One example of this â€Å"relationship with fear† that the media seems to have can be found in a 1994 article in â€Å"US News and World Report† where the authors, despite noting briefly that violent crime by all statistical accounts is actually down, names the previous year as â€Å"the scariest year in American history† seeming to assert that the numbers don’t matter (Jackson and Naureckas). The article also makes a good point about the contradiction between perceptions of crime and the reality of crime: â€Å"the drumbeat of news coverage [that] has made it seem that America is in the midst of its worst epidemic of violence ever. That sense is not supported by the numbers† (Jackson and Naureckas). Throughout the rest of the article similar contradictions abound and it is difficult to tell exactly what conclusion should be drawn from it. The causes of crime, as with most crime reporting, are not dealt with in the article while â€Å"random violence† is examined closely (Jackson and Naureckas). Most violent crime is perpetrated by someone whom the victim knows yet the theme of â€Å"random violence receives much more attention in the media (Jackson and Naureckas). The US News piece illustrates how the media engages in a form of â€Å"doublethink† where despite knowledge of factual evidence indicating a decrease in crime they continue to put forth images that depict violent crime as an epidemic and continue to support perceptions of fear, distrust, and cynicism. This fear mongering often plays into preconceived notions of crime and violence such as racism, ageism, and classism held by some. A 2001 study by Dorfman and Schiraldi found that crimes against African Americans were underrepresented in reporting and overrepresented as perpetrators, white victims tended to receive more lengthy coverage as well. In Los Angeles television news African Americans were 22% more likely to be shown on TV committing violent crimes than non-violent ones despite the fact that arrest reports indicate that African Americans in Los Angeles commit both types of crime almost equally (Dorfman and Schiraldi). The study also shows how youths are also disproportionately covered: 7 out of 10 local TV news stories dealing with violent crime in California had youths as the perpetrators despite the fact that youths commit only 14. 4% of violent crime in that state. Furthermore, half of the stories dealing with minors for any reason involved violence even though only 2% (though due to unreported crimes the actual number may be higher) of California youths have been victims or perpetrators of violent crime (Drofman and Schiraldi). The study also found by looking at news reports over the last decade that in Hawaii there has bee a 30 fold increase in the number of youth crime stories despite a steady decrease in youth crime over that same time period. This increased focus on youth crimes has led to increased support for treating juvenile offenders as adults and, especially in instances of more serious crimes, applying the same retributive punishments previously not applied to young offenders (Glassner 73). These findings show how not only are the media’s sensationalized reporting of crime contributing to a false sense or reality for many people, but are also einforcing stereotypes and bigotry. Utilizing these preconceived ideas also intensifies the impact of fear based coverage. This sense of fear that the media is able to conjure up in certain situations can easily be manipulated by politicians and policymakers looking to gain some support. According to Glassner, the more fearful people are of crime the more likely they are to support more punitive justice systems instead of rehabilitation programs. This is especially true with respect to juvenile offenders (72). Glassner further argues that it is interesting that as we cut into funding for educational, medical, and antipoverty programs we begin to grow more concerned about crime and there seems to be what he calls â€Å"unacknowledged guilt† about why crime now seems inevitable (72). While the media is often the target of criticism and blame it has been argued that largely the media mirrors public opinion and can be controlled by it (Gans 76). There is evidence however that particularly brutal crimes or large amounts of coverage of crime can shift public opinion somewhat. For example, polls show an increase in support for the death penalty following news of horrifying crimes (Gans 76). Gans believes that despite the fact that the news media is often thought of as having more power than it actually does it may have long-term effects on public opinion (88). So, even though the media of course cannot shift public opinion overnight in the long run a shift in coverage of sensationalized crime coverage can have long lasting effects of the political climate around crime policy. If the tone of the media is largely controlled by previously held notions of media consumers then how might the news media correct the public when it’s beliefs are erroneous? Chiricos examines the effect of â€Å"moral panics† which something or someone becomes defined as a threat to societal values or norms (2). Moral panics are signaled by a rapid increase in the volume of media reporting and are often followed by political action as the public feels that â€Å"something must be done† (Chiricos 60). Every so often crime and violence becomes the subject of a moral panic in America. Chiricos examines two moral panics occurring in the early to mid nineties: crack cocaine and violent crime. Both of these stories where covered in much the same way: as inner-city problems leaving the ghettos and threatening the middle-class way of life (63). When this issue was framed as a direct threat to suburban America a moral panic followed. When crime was confined to urban areas and â€Å"ghettos† there was little to worry about until the perception became that crack and violence was spreading into areas that were considered to be â€Å"safe†. During this time 49 percent of Americans then said that crime was the most important issue facing the country compared to only 9 percent before the moral panic began to set in (Chiricos 64). The panic was further compounded by reports that these issues were spreading to children which Chiricos notes is a common component of the rise of a moral panic (65). The reaction to these panics was unsurprising. Panics are viewed as sudden problems and treated with fundamentally inappropriate solutions such as sending more people to prison and building more of them (Chiricos 67). Following moral panics, according to Chiricos, â€Å"commands† are issued by the public (71). The policy ramifications from these moral panics included 9. 7 billion dollars for more prisons, California’s three strikes program, and various repressive laws aimed at adults and children alike in many states (Chiricos 71). These examinations of the media’s relationship with public opinion point out how in this age of information the media is an important factor in how we carry out our democracy and decide what issues are important. If this has become the case than there are serious concerns for how the media is serving democracy. Lawrence sees the media as an arena where problems are constructed and there is constant struggle between elites, groups, and the public seek to define and address problems (3). What constitutes a problem is socially constructed. This is also true of crime problems. Lawrence is concerned with how problems are socially constructed in the media because when something is defined as a problem facing the country power is conferred upon the social institutions we would likely look to deal with it (5). So, in the arena of the media if crime is framed by elites as stemming from the degradation of society or loss of opportunities for many people then programs and institutions organized for supporting the poor and communities will be empowered. However, the usual winners in this clash of frames typically define crime as an epidemic problem fueled by a justice system which is too soft on criminals. With this frame politicians must appear â€Å"tough on crime† and power is given to more punitive crime control policies and the prison-industrial complex flourishes as more and more money is spent on warehousing offenders. This further disempowers social welfare institutions as money spent on police and prisons cannot be spent on education, healthcare, or welfare programs. This struggle to define problems can be looked at as a clash of differing realities where vastly different takes on issues exist but one is adopted by the media and then disseminated to the public (Lawrence 5). Lawrence says that the prevailing reality held by the most successful definers typically comes from officials within the government (5). There exists a close relationship between government officials and the news media. They are the primary definers and therefore the strongest factor in how we construct the reality of crime (Lawrence 5). This is unhealthy because, with the issue of crime in particular, officials are quick to define crime as an epidemic issue filled with fearful imagery and then act against criminals in draconian ways. When they construct a reality where they are needed to protect their constituents justice in harmed for the sake of political capital. This manipulation of reality and fear for the sake of power is addressed by Entman but with respect to the war on terror instead of crime and justice. He argues that the elite exert control by hegemony and indexing (4). Hegemony refers to the way officials release only information that supports the narrow reality that they seek to perpetuate and indexing is how the media reflect this narrow debate among elites quite closely (Entman 5). With this control over public perception it is relatively easy for officials to frame issues such as crime or terrorism. When they win the battle to define a problem obvious remedies arise. If terrorism is framed as an attack on our way of life rather than a consequence of our projection of power across the globe then it follows that the remedy is defense and war. Similarly, if elites succeed in defining crime not as a consequence of lost economic opportunities but as a result of naturally deviant personalities then the reaction that follows is to lock up these defective personalities and isolate them from the rest of â€Å"normal† society. The way in which we think about various issues and problems directly affects how we deal with them. Most in society would say that the solution to problems is obvious because it is. What is missed however is the fact that how we think about problems can completely shift the ways in which we deal with them. In order to change policy then the first step is to change the perceptions and the reality surrounding it for officials and the public alike. Lakoff tells us that if we can reframe issues we can create social change (XV). When we change the way the public sees the world, largely through the media, and alter that perceived reality we can change the policies that follow. So why then does the media seem to be so concerned with violent crime and creating feelings of fear and anxiety in its consumers? The reason seems to be sensationalized journalism meant to increase viewership and a system where officials control our perceptions through the media. It needs to be understood that passive consumption of the media is unhealthy and we should think critically about how reality is constructed by elites and the media because, that subjective reality directly affects the solutions that are used to deal with our problems. While so many people are given the impression that crime is rampant the underreported fact is that crime has been decreasing for many years. In order for there to be rational crime control policy in the United States we need to have accurate information about the reality of crime in this country. In order for this to happen the media must provide an accurate depiction of crime that is constructed by a fair debate in the public arena of the media. There is a lot at stake in how we perceive the world around us and how we think about crime and punishment.

The Botany of the Tobacco Plant

The Botany of the Tobacco Plant There are few activities more controversial than smoking tobacco. Smoking is clearly detrimental to human health, but there is little doubt that tobacco is a highly profitable plant species. Lets learn more about the plant itself, including its history, anatomy and physiology, growth habit plant types, and other potential uses. History and Background of Tobacco Nicotiana tabacum is the Latin name for tobacco. It belongs to the plant family Solanaceae, so, perhaps surprisingly, tobacco is botanically related to potatoes, tomatoes, and eggplant! Tobacco is native to the Americas, and cultivation was thought to have begun as early as 6000 BCE. It is believed that leaf blades were wilted, dried, and rolled to make primitive cigars. Columbus noted Cuban natives smoking cigars when he discovered America, and in 1560, Jean Nicot, the French ambassador to Portugal, brought tobacco to England and France. Nicot made a fortune selling the plant to Europeans. Nicot also reportedly gifted tobacco to the queen of France to cure her headaches. (Did you notice that the Latin genus name for tobacco, Nicotiana, was named after Jean Nicot?) Anatomy and Physiology The cultivated tobacco plant normally grows to one or two feet high. The five flower petals are contained within a Corolla and can be colored white, yellow, pink, or red. The tobacco fruit (yes, tobacco bears fruit!) measures at 1.5 - 2 mm, and consists of a capsule containing two seeds. With the tobacco plant, however, it is the leaves that are the most economically important. The leaf blades are enormous, often growing to 20 inches long and 10 inches wide. The leaf shape can be ovate (egg-shaped), obcordate (heart-shaped) or elliptic (oval, but with a small point at one end). The leaves grow toward the base of the plant, and can be lobed or unlobed but are not separated into leaflets. On the stem, the leaves appear alternately, with one leaf per node along the stem. The leaves possess a distinct petiole. The underside of the leaf is fuzzy or hairy. Why are the tobacco leaves important? The leaves are the plant part containing the nicotine. However, the nicotine is manufactured in the plant roots, not the leaves! The nicotine is transported to the leaves via the xylem. Some species of Nicotiana are very high in nicotine content; Nicotiana rustica leaves, for example, can contain up to 18% nicotine. Growing Tobacco Plants Tobacco, a plant that is cultivated as an annual but is actually a perennial, is propagated by seed. The seeds are sown in beds; one ounce of seed in 100 square yards of soil can produce up to four acres of flue-cured tobacco, or up to three acres of burley tobacco. The plants grow for between six and ten weeks before the seedlings are transplanted into the fields. The plants are topped (their heads are cut off!) before the seed head develops, except for those plants that are used to produce next years seed. The reason the plant tops are removed when flowering begins is so all the plants energy goes to increase the size and the thickness of the leaves. The tobacco suckers (the flowering stalks and branches, which appear in response to the plant being topped) are removed so that only the large leaves are produced on the main stem. Because growers want the leaves to be large and lush, the tobacco plants are fertilized very heavily with nitrogen fertilizer. Cigar-wrapper tobacco, a staple of Connecticut agriculture, is produced under partial shade- resulting in thinner and less damaged leaves. Plants grow in the field for three to five months until harvest. The leaves are removed and purposely wilted in drying barns, and fermentation takes place during curing. Tobacco Types Several types of tobacco are grown, depending on their use: Fire-cured, used for snuff and chewing tobacco.Dark air-cured, used for chewing tobacco.Air-cured (Maryland) tobacco, used for cigarettes.Air-cured cigar tobaccos, used for cigar wrappers and fillers.Flue-cured, used for cigarette, pipe, and chewing tobacco.Burley (air-cured), used for cigarette, pipe, and chewing tobacco. Fire curing is basically what the name suggests; open fires are used so that the smoke can reach the leaves. The smoke makes the leaves darker colored and more distinctly flavored. No heat is used in air curing except to prevent mold. In flue curing, heat is applied in such a way that no smoke reaches the leaves hung in racks. Other Potential Uses What other possibilities are there for tobacco, as smoking rates have been vastly reduced over the last 20 years? Believe it or not, there is a possibility that tobacco oils can be used in biofuels. Also, researchers in India have patented an extract from tobacco called solansole, for use in several drug types.

Catcher In The Rye Essays (911 words) - J. D. Salinger, Free Essays

Catcher in the Rye "There's far more to the censorship issue than a ban on sex and four-letter words. I sometimes think that those of us who need to be the most clearheaded about these matters are planting the very trees that obscure our view of the forest," says Dorothy Briley. According to Briley, a vast amount more is needed than simply vulgar language and suggestive material to censor a novel. But this is the very reason why J. D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye is frequently being banned from high schools. To the teenage readers, who are at the transition from childhood to adulthood, the protagonist of The Catcher in the Rye, Holden Caulfield, who has not quite reached the brink of manhood, becomes the reader's hero. The adolescent mind that Salinger portrays so accurately in his novel is one with which most teenagers and readers, at one time or another, could identify. The Catcher in the Rye also contains universal themes that, for teenagers about to shift into adulthood, help young adults bett er understand the world and other people. Although it does contain abusive language and sexual connotations, The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger should not be censored in high schools because it provides insightful information and relevance to the life of young adults through its realistic situations and themes of acceptance and materialism. The reader can relate to the realistic situations, such as the scene at the Lunts play, present in the novel. Salinger portrays "real life while he "She saw some jerk she knew on the other side of the lobby. Some guy in one of those very dark gray flannel suits and one of those checkered vests. Strictly Ivy League. Big Deal...The worst part was, the jerk had one of those very phony, Ivy League voices, one of those very tired, snobby voices" (127, 128). The theme of materialism also gives insight to the average teenage reader. Salinger uses clever mockery to illustrate to the reader how inane teenagers act over materialistic objects. This is particularly evident when Holden elaborates about suitcases: The thing is, it's really hard to be roommates with people if your suitcases are much better than theirs - if yours are really good ones and theirs aren't. You think if they're intelligent and all, the other person, and have a good sense of humor, that they don't give a damn whose suitcases are better, but they do. They really do. It's one of the reasons why I roomed with a stupid bastard like Stradlater. At least his suitcases were as good as mine" (109). Apparent in this quote, Salinger purposefully makes Holden appear foolish, ridiculing teenagers' materialistic nature. Salinger makes a connection to teenagers through the protagonist's materialism. Deliberately forcing the teenager to examine his or her own shallowness, Salinger illustrates how Holden and his roommate eventually separate, not because they did not like each other, but because one had inferior suitcases. Not only does the adolescent reader think Holden is asinine and absurd, but the reader also observes the callow and silly need for materialistic items within himself or herself. The theme of materialism in The Catcher in the Rye allows teenagers to witness how senseless their need for materialism is, which is necessary concept for adolescents who are making the transition to adulthood. Another necessary idea that Salinger presents in the novel is the theme of acceptance. Holden frequently examines his role in society, finding that he is often isolated from adolescents his own age and even, at times, made to feel inadequate. Holden distances himself from his friends and family because of such feelings. In the end, Holden realizes that he does need people to whom he can relate. At the close of the novel, Holden says, "About all I know is, I sort of miss everybody I told about. Even old Stradlater and Ackley, for instance. I think I even miss that goddam Maurice. It's funny. Don't ever tell anybody anything. If you do, you start missing everything" (217), letting his emotions of inadequacy and need for acceptance escape. Many teenagers can identify with Holden's feelings, and it is these very sentiments that may lead some

Dietary analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Dietary analysis - Essay Example To be able to analyze the nutritional needs and status, a three-day tabulation diet was undertaken. The food records for three days are presented in the end on the report (Appendix 1). In addition, the pertinent analysis of the different types of foods that had been eaten is also included along with the different nutritional compositions and information (Appendix 2-4). A presentation of the personal information related to health and nutrition is important to be able to compare the diet on the standards that were set which is referred to as the Recommended Dietary Intake. In the analysis of the macronutrients and water content of the food intake for the 3 days that had been studied, there are different observations that can be perceived. For protein, the average of the three values is higher than the RDI. Even the individual protein content values for each day are comparatively higher than the RDI for both males and females. This can be considered still at the optimum level since no upper level of intake had been presented. This is important since it is the major building block of the body (Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing National Health and Medical Research Council, 2005). In terms of the fats and fatty acids, upon estimation it can be determined that the daily intakes for the 3 days are above the RDI. For that matter, susceptibility to diseases related to fat accumulation can be one of the risks. No set values were given for carbohydrates because it is needed by the body for vital functions. The carbohydrate component of the diet then is useful for the body. The average and individual dietary fibre values are insufficient compared to the RDI. The water and water content in foods are also insufficient on the basis of the values presented by the RDI. Based on the said group then, there is a need to increase the dietary fibre and water intake to be able to achieve the sufficient RDI